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Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology
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Invasive Alien Species
Species Name : Chromolaena odorata
Family Name : Asteraceae /Compositae
Genus : Chromolaena
Synonym : Eupatorium odoratum L.
Origin : Central and South America
Description : Perennial, It form dense tangled bushes 1.5-2.0 m 1.5 – 2.0 m tall. very occasionally reaching a maximum of 6-8 m as a climber on other plants.  Leaves  opposite, reddish brown when young, ovate-deltoid to triangular oblong, 7.5-12 x 2.5-7 cm, margin toothed, young leaves have an odor when crushed. Flowers terminal or axillary,  homogamous, 20-35 flowered,  in up to 15 cm on wide flat topped corymbs; involucre bracts 5-seriate, imbricate, flower heads many, shortly stalked,  light purple to bluish white, slightly fragran. Achenes linear, angled, brown or black, 5 mm long. Pappus white of rough bristles, 5 mm long.
Invaded Habitat : Well-drained sites, sunny or sligtly shaded areas abandoned land, wastelands, an aggressive invader of pastures, plantation crops. Serious problems of C. odorata found in Pananjung, Pangandaran Nature Reserve an area for conserving banteng (Bos  javanicus, Bovidae)  and  Ujung Kulon Nature reserve in West Java,  and grassland of East Nusa Tenggara. The occupation of C. odorata reducing the grazing area and suffering the conserve animals.
Distribution : Firstly known  in 1934 from Lubuk Pakam, Nort Sumatra.  It is now spread all over the islands of Indonesia, from Aceh to Papua.
Ecology : Its growth is optimal in open area or in partial shade. Occurs from 50-1000 m altitude. Normally it reproduces by seeds (achenes) which are dispersed by wind. It reproduces also asexually by root and stem cuttings.  Large roots, left under the ground after mechanical control by digging and pulling are capable of producing shoots.  Stems that have been slashed can produce roots and can grow when placed directly on top of bare soil under favorable wheather conditions.
Picture :
References :
  1. Aterrado, E.D. & R.L. Talatala Sanico.  1988.  Status of Chromolaena odorata Research in Philippines. Proc. Of the 1st Int. Workshop on Biological Control of C. odorata, Bangkok, Thailand.
  2. Backer , C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen Van Den Brink.  1965.  Flora of Java. N.V. P. Noordhoff. Groningen, Netherlands.
  3. Budiman, A., M. Thamrin and S. Asikin.  1988.   Beberapa Jenis Gulma di Lahan Pasang Surut Kalimantan Selatan dan Tengah dengan Tingkat Kemasaman Tanah Yang Berbeda.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  4. Faridah Hanum, I. and  van der Maesen,L.J.G. (Eds).  1997.  PROSEA. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 11.  Auxiliary Plants.  Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.  389  pages.
  5. Kepala  Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan konservasi Alam.  2001.  Invasi Jenis Flora dan Fauna Eksotik di Beberapa Kawasan Taman Nasional ( Kasus Taman Nasional Baluran dan Taman Nasional Wasur).  The Nature Conservasy.  Jakarta, Indonesia.  Page 19-38.
  6. Prawiradiputra, B.R., S. Hardjosoewignyo & S. Tjitrosoedirdjo.  1986.  The effect of weed control on vegetational compotition of natural pasture land in Jonggol, West Java.  Proc. 8th Indon.  Weed Sci. Conf.: 103-108.
  7. Risdiono, B.  1975.  The inter influence between Chromolaena odorata and Brachiaria brizantha and the effect of picloram on these plants.  Proc. 3rd Indon.  Weed Sci. Conf., Bandung, Indonesia.
  8. Sastroutomo, S.S. and E.T. Pandegirot.  1988.  Survai Ekologis Gulma di Perkebunan Teh Ciliwung, Jawa Barat.  Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  9. Sipayung, A., R. Desmier de Chenon & PS. Sudharto. 1991.  Observations in Indonesia on Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Robinson.  Proc. of the Second International Workshop on Chromolaena odorata, Bogor, Indonesia.
  10. Soekarmi, H., I.H. Utomo, J.H. Sardjono.  1992.  Inventarisasi dan Identifikasi Berbagai Jenis Gulma Dominan pada Berbagai Komoditas Andalan Perkebunan di Sulawesi Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  11. Soerjani, M.,  A. J. G. H. Kostermans & Gembong Tjitrosoepomo (Eds.).  1987.  Weeds of Rice in Indonesia. Balai Pustaka. Jakarta
  12. Soerjani, M., A. Soedarsan, S. Mangoensoekarjo, T. Kuntohartono & M. Sundaru.  1976.  Weed problems and prospects for chemical control in Indonesia.   Proc. 5th APWSS Conf. 1975, Tokyo, Japan.
  13. Soerohaldoko, S.  1971.  On the Occurence of Eupatorium odoratum at the Game Reserve, Pananjung, West Java.  Weeds in Indonesia 2(2): 9.
  14. Sudirman, A. and K. Amypalupy.  1988.  Efikasi Triclopyr Terhadap Tanaman Penutup Tanah Leguminosa di Jalur Tanaman Karet Muda.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.  Page 286-295.
  15. Susanto, H. and H. Suprapto.  1992. Pandangan Masyarakat tentang Tali Putri ( Cuscuta sp.) dan Potensinya Sebagai Gulma Penting di Bandar Lampung.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  16. Syawal, Y. et al.  1992.  Gulma yang Dominan Pada Agroekosistem di Sumatera Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  17. Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.S.  1990.  Beberapa Catatan tentang Chromolaena odorata.  Dalam Prosiding 1 Konferensi HIGI X.  Malang, Indonesia.
  18. Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.S.  1991.  Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King & H. Robinson.  Weed Info Sheet.  SEAWIC SEAMEO BIOTROP.  Bogor, Indonesia.
  19. Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.S.  2000.   The Asteraceae of Sumatera.  Post Graduate Programme.  Bogor Agricultural University.  Disertation
  20. Tjitrosoedirdjo, S., I.H. Utomo & S.S. Sastroutomo.  1984.  Tryclopyr for the control of woody weeds in young rubber plantation.  Proc.  7th Indon. Weed Sci.  Conf.
  21. Tjitrosoedirdjo, S., S.S. Tjitroesoedirdjo & R.C. Umaly.  1991.  Chromolaena odorata its current problem and control status in Indonesia.  Proc. Of the Second International Workshop on Chromolaena odorata, Bogor, Indonesia.
  22. Tjitrosemito, S. 2000. Tephritid gall fly, Procecidochares connexa , a biological control agent of Chromolaena odorata. Fifth International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata, Durban, South Africa.
  23. Torres, D.O. & E.C. Paller. 1989.  The devil weed (Chromolaena odorata L.) R.M. King & H. Robinson) and its management.  SEAWIC Weed Leaflet (4): 1-6.
  24. Torres, D.O., D.G. Vargas, S.M. Ritual & E.M. Alfonja.  1991.  Studies on causes of infertility of eggs of Pareuchaetes pseudoinsula Rego Baros. Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop on Chromolaena odorata, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor, Indonesia.
  25. Waterhouse, B.M. & A.A. Mitchell.  1998.  Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy.  Weeds Target List.  Miscellaneous Publication 6/98.
  26. Widayanti, S., S. Tjitrosemito & M. Amad. 2001. Pengendalian hayati Chromolaena odorata dengan menggunakan Procecidochares connexa di Cagar Alam Pangandaran, Jawa Barat. Prosiding Konperensi Himpunan Ilmu Gulma Indonesia, UNS, Surakarta 17-19 Juli 2001. Suplemen 2
  27. Widyatmoko & H. Riyanto.  1984.  Weed management in newly opened land (An experience of Gunung Madu Sugarcane Plantation, Lampung). Proc. 8th Indon. Weed Sci. Conf.
 
Species Name : Acacia nilotica
Family Name : Mimosaceae
Genus : Acacia
Synonym : Acacia arabica (Lmk. ) Willd.
Origin : Africa and Continental Asia
Description : Tree, with an umbelliform crown., branching almost from the base, with a dark, fissured bark and a deep taproot, 5.00-10.00 m tall . Tops of branchlets at first finely hairy, soon glabrous. Leaf compound, bipinnate., a  petiolar gland is present between the two lowest pairs of pinnae, pinnae 2-8 pairs, leaflets 12-28 pairs, linear, 2-5 mm long. Head flowers  bright yellow, axillary or the higher ones racemed or panicled, 1-1.50 cm diam. Fruits are indehiscent and flat pods of 6-25 cm length and 1-1.50 cm width, containing 8-15 seeds of 6-7 mm diameter.
Invaded Habitat : Grassland, savanna. It is reported as important colonizer at Baluran National Park in East Java and Wasur National Park Papua.
Distribution : In 1850 was introduced to Java, out of cultivation and  spread also
outside of Java islands Timor and Papua.
Ecology : Propagation by seeds which are disperse by mammals Establishment depends on sufficient precipitation but 1-year-old plants are drought and fire resistant, and tolerate grazing. The tree easily re-sprouts from the base if damaged and is nitrogen-fixing. A. nilotica is  fast-growing, but the productivity varies according to environment.
Picture :
References :
  1. Backer , C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen Van Den Brink.  1965.  Flora of Java. N.V. P. Noordhoff. Groningen, Netherlands.
  2. Lemmens and N.W. Soetjipto (Eds).  1992.   PROSEA.  Plant Resources of South East Asia  No. 3.  Dye and tannin-producing plants.  Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia and Pudoc-DLO, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
  3. Mutaqin, I.Z.  2001. Upaya Penanggulangan Tanaman Eksotik Acasia nilotica di Kawasan Taman Nasional Baluran.  In Keanekaragaman Hayati dan Pengendalian Jenis Asing Invasif.  The Nature Conservasy.  Jakarta, Indonesia.
  4. Nielsen, I.C.  1992.  Flora Malesiana I.  Spermatophyta : Mimosaceae.  11 (1).  Foundation Flora Malesiana.
  5. Siregar, C and S. Tjitrosoedirdjo. 1999. Acasia nilotica invasion in Baluran National Park East Java Indonesia. BIOTROP Special Publication No. 61: 101-109
  6. Tjitrosemito, S. 2001. Masalah Tumbuhan Eksotik di Taman Nasional Baluran dan Saran Pengendaliannya. Makalah disampaikan pada Seminar Nasional Taman Nasional Baluran Sebagai Aset Pembangunan Daerah dan Pendidikan, Universitas Jember, 11 Agustus 2001.
  7. Weber, E.  2003.  Invasive Plant Species of the World.  A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds.  CAB International Publishing.
 
Species Name : Lantana camara
Family Name : Verbenaceae
Genus : Lantana
Synonym :
Origin : Tropical America
Description : Perennial shrub, pungent smelling, 1.0-3.0 m tall.  Erect or scrambling, young stem 4-angled, with stiff hairs and small downward-pointing prickles.  Both leaves opposite, ovate, with toothed margins, 5-9 cm long, 2-7 cm wide, rough upper and hairy lower surfaces; petiole 1 cm long; stipules short, ciliate.  Flowers in stalked heads at the leaf axils, the rachis of the head short, heads many flowered, 2-3.5 cm diameter, variable in colour, pink, red, yellow or orange, often changing with age, the limb 6-7 mm wide, stamens 4, short, style short, the stigma bellow the anthers.  Fruit a 2-seeded, ovoid drupe 4-6 mm in diameter, green initially turning black or purple in maturity.
Invaded Habitat : Plantations (tea, rubber, oil palm, sugar cane), cattle grounds, secondary forests, sometimes forming dense jungles, also cultivated as a hedge plant. In Sumbawa, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, it has recently been reported that overgrazed grasslands become dominated by Lantana camara or Chromolaena odorata
Distribution : Commonly found in Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi.
Ecology : In Java it is naturalized and found at altitude of  ± 1-1700 m above sea level.
Picture :
References :
  1. Anonymous, 1968.  Identification of Plants on Malayan Rubber Estates : Plates 81-88, Dicotyledons.  Woody shrubs and Trees.  Planter’s Bulletin 96.  Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia.
  2. Baba, A.B. and A.B. Tambi.  1984.  Efficacy Studies of Triclopyr a Promising Herbicide for the Control of Broadleaves and Bushes in Malaysia.  Proceeding of the 1st Tropical Weed Science Conference, Hat Yai. Thailand. Vol II.
  3. Backer , C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen Van Den Brink.  1965.  Flora of Java. N.V. P. Noordhoff. Groningen, Netherlands.
  4. Barnes, D.E. and L.G. Chandapillai.  1990.  Common Malaysian Weeds and Their Control.  Ancom Berhad, Malaysia.
  5. Budiman, A., M. Thamrin and S. Asikin.  1988.   Beberapa Jenis Gulma di Lahan Pasang Surut Kalimantan Selatan dan Tengah dengan Tingkat Kemasaman Tanah Yang Berbeda.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  6. de Padua, L.S., N. Bunyapraphatsara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Eds).  1999.   PROSEA. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 12(1).  Medicinal and Poisonous plants 1.  Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.
  7. Love, C.O.  1989.  Control of  Lantana (Lantana camara) with Fluroxypyr in Coastal New South Wales and Queensland, Australia.  Proceedings of the Twelfth Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, Seoul, Korea.
  8. Moody, K., C.E. Munroe, R.T. Lubigan and E.C. Paller, Jr.  1984.  Major Weeds of the Philippines. Weed Science Society of the Philippines.
  9. Sastroutomo, S.S. and E.T. Pandegirot.  1988.  Survai Ekologis Gulma di Perkebunan Teh Ciliwung, Jawa Barat.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.  Page  233-253.
  10. Siregar, M.E., B. Haryanto and S. Tjitrosemito.  1990.  Review of Weed Management in Indonesian Pastures.  Proc. Symp. On Weed Management.  BIOTROP Spec. Publ. (38): 229-235.
  11. Soekarmi, H., I.H. Utomo, J.H. Sardjono.  1992.  Inventarisasi dan Identifikasi Berbagai Jenis Gulma Dominan pada Berbagai Komoditas Andalan Perkebunan di Sulawesi Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  12. Syawal, Y. et al.  1992.  Gulma yang Dominan Pada Agroekosistem di Sumatera Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.  Page  43-48. 13. Taylor, E.E.  1989.  A History of Biological Control of Lantana camara in New South Wales.  Plant Protection Quarterly 4(2): 61-65.
  13. Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.S.  1991.  Lantana camara L.  Weed Info Sheet.  SEAWIC SEAMEO BIOTROP.  Bogor, Indonesia.
  14. Wahid, M.B. and A.H. Hasan.  1984.  Problem of Weed Control in Oil palm.  Proceedings of  the 1st Tropical Weed Science Conference, Hat Yai, Thailand.  Vol II.
 
Species Name : Mimosa diplotricha
Family Name : Mimosaceae
Genus : Mimosa
Synonym : Mimosa invisa Mart.
Origin : Brazil
Description : A scrambling shrub, strongly branched.  Stem 5-angular, green or purplish-tinged, up to 5 m long, very prickly, on the angles with recurved, sharp, fine white hairs.  Leaves finely bipinnate, slightly sensitive to touch, the stalk prickly.  Flowers pink, in globose heads, in axils of young leaves, stamen 8.  Fruit pod linear, strongly compressed, sharply bristle, 15-36 x 4-5 mm.
Invaded Habitat : M. diplotricha is an important weed in sugarcane, rubber  and coconut plantation.  It is also found in pastures, cultivated grounds and moist waste places; along drains and water-courses, in ravines, road-sides.  In Kalimantan M. diplotrica invaded heavily the mining reclamation areas.
Distribution : In Widely naturalized in Java since long time ago.  In 1900 recorded for the first time in Central  Java, on the Lawu volcano. It is now spread throughout Indonesia.
Ecology : It is grow well on lighter and heavy, moist, often poor soils, in sunny to lightly shaded sites. From 0-2000 m alt.
Picture :
References :
  1. Backer , C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen Van Den Brink.  1965.  Flora of Java. N.V. P. Noordhoff. Groningen, Netherlands.
  2. Dad R.J.S.  1992.  Pengendalian Gulma dengan Pengaturan Jarak Tanam dan Cara Penyiangan pada Pertanaman Kedelai.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  3. Faridah Hanum, I. and  van der Maesen,L.J.G. (Eds).  1997.  PROSEA. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 11.  Auxiliary Plants.  Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.
  4. Holm, L.G., D.L. Plucknett, J.V. Pancho and J.P. Herberger.  1977.  The world’s Worst Weeds.  Distribution and Biology. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu.
  5. Iskandar, S. and O.R. Madkar.  1988.  Pengaruh Herbisida Pra Tumbuh Terhadap Gulma Utama, Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Kubis.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  6. Murwandono and I. Subagio.  1992.  Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. Di Kebun Tebu Pabrik Gula Camming Sulawesi Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  7. Nielsen, I.C.  1992.  Flora Malesiana I.  Spermatophyta : Mimosaceae.  11 (1).  Foundation Flora Malesiana.
  8. Premono, M.E. 1986.  Gulma di Lahan Bukaan Baru Pabrik Gula Bunga Mayang : Pengaruh Mimosa invisa terhadap tebu dan usaha pengendaliannya.  Proceedings of the VIIIth Conference of the Indonesian Weed Science Society.
  9. Ronoprawiro, S. and R. Rogomulyo.  1988.  Pengendalian Kimiawi Gulma Pada Pertanaman Kapas.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  10. Siburian, P.H. and D. Sunindyo.  1988.  Starane 200 EC as a Selective Herbicide to Control Broadleaf and Climbing Weeds on Sugarcane. Proceedings of the Ixth Conference of the Indonesian Weed Science Society.
  11. Soenartiningsih and Koesnang.  1992.  Kajian Inang Alternatif Virus Mosaik Kedelai Pada Beberapa Gulma Melalui Uji Serologi.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.  Page  1-5.
  12. Soerjani, M.,  A. J. G. H. Kostermans & Gembong Tjitrosoepomo (Eds.).  1987.  Weeds of Rice in Indonesia. Balai Pustaka. Jakarta
  13. Soejono, Endang, A. and S. Isniningsih.  1990.  Komunitas Tumbuhan Bawah di antara Tanaman Koleksi Pada Tiga Tingkat Pemeliharaan yang Berbeda.  Dalam Prosiding 1 Konferensi HIGI X. Malang, Indonesia.
  14. Subagio, I. and Murwandono.  1992.  Permasalahan dan Program Penanggulangan Gulma di PG Takalar.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  15. Sutater, T. and P. Bangun.  1988.  Pengaruh Cara Penyiangan Terhadap Infestasi Gulma dan Produksi Cabe Kriting.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  16. Syawal, Y. et al.  1992.  Gulma yang Dominan Pada Agroekosistem di Sumatera Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  17. Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.S.  1992.  Mimosa invisa Mart.  Weed Info Sheet.  SEAWIC SEAMEO BIOTROP.  Bogor, Indonesia.
  18. Yasin, M., M.A. Nawir, Djamaluddin and E.O. Momuat.  1992.  Prospek Pengelolaan Gulma di Lahan Kering (Studi kasus lahan penelitian P3NT di P. Flores-NTT).  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
 
Species Name : Mimosa pigra
Family Name : Mimosaceae
Genus : Mimosa
Synonym : Mimosa asperata L.
M. sepiaria auct. non Benth
Origin : Tropical America
Description : When young it has a single prickly stem.  It then becomes a branched, prickly bush growing up to 6 m high.  The prickles are 5 to 10 mm long.  The leaves are bi-pinnate consist of a central prickly rachis, are sensitive to touch and close at nightfall, have 5-15pairs of pinnae and 18-51 pairs of leaflets. The flowers are mauve to pink and borne in tight globose heads, 1 cm in diameter.  Each head has about 100 flowers and produces 10-25 seed pods.  The Fruit pods are brown when mature, densely bristled all over and break into segments, each containing an oblong shaped seed 2.2-2.6 mm wide and 4-6 mm long.
Invaded Habitat : Mimosa pigra forms dense impenetrable thickets on moist localities, waste places, floodplains, along river banks, canal, waterholes and in reservoirs often forming a dense jungle and growth at 1-700 m altitude.  It will also growth in drier habitats.
Distribution : M. pigra  was already present in Java in 1844 .  Mimosa pigra have been transported to many countries as a botanical curiosity because seed was imported from Mexico to the Bogor Botanic Gardens last century. Although M. pigra was introduced to Indonesia so long ago, as far as is known it now occurs only in Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua.
Ecology : Propagation is by seeds although reproduction from cut stems lef on the ground has been observed in Mexico .  It has a high reproductive capacity. The bristly seed segments float and are dispersed by water.  The seed segments also stick to hair and clothing and are passed through animals. M. pigra has adaptive traits which stimulate it to regrow after fire or mechanical control, probably from dormant stems and roots.
Picture :
References :
  1. Anonymous.  1986.  Mimosa pigra L.  Pest Data Sheet no. 5.  ASEAN PLANTI
  2. Backer , C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen Van Den Brink.  1965.  Flora of Java. N.V. P. Noordhoff. Groningen, Netherlands.
  3. Bentham, G.  1875.  Revision of the suborder Mimosae.  Transactions of the Linaean Society, London 30: 335-664.
  4. Budiman, A., M. Thamrin and S. Asikin.  1988.   Beberapa Jenis Gulma di Lahan Pasang Surut Kalimantan Selatan dan Tengah dengan Tingkat Kemasaman Tanah Yang Berbeda.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.  Page 81-92.
  5. Forno, I.W., I.L. Miller, B. Napompeth and S. Thamasara. 1990.  Management of Mimosa pigra L. in Southeast Asia and Australia.  Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur.
  6. Hasskarl, J.K.  1844.  Catalogus Plantarum in Horto Botanico Bogoriense Cultarum Alter.  290 p.  Typis Officinae Publicae, Batavia.  290 pages.
  7. Kepala  Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan dan konservasi Alam.  2001.  Invasi Jenis Flora dan Fauna Eksotik di Beberapa Kawasan Taman Nasional ( Kasus Taman Nasional Baluran dan Taman Nasional Wasur).  The Nature Conservasy.  Jakarta, Indonesia.  page 19-38.
  8. Lonsdale, W. M.  1988.  Litterfall in an Australian population of Mimosa pigra, an invasive tropical shrub, Journal of Tropical Ecology 4: 381-392.
  9. Lonsdale, W.M., I.L. Miller and I.W.  Forno.  1989.  The Biology of Australian Weeds 20.  Mimosa pigra L.  Plant Protection Quarterly 4: 119-131.
  10. Mansor, M.  1987.  The Spread of Mimosa pigra L. in Peninsular Malaysia.  Weed Watcher (2 & 3): 1-3.
  11. Miller, I.L.  1988.  Aspects of the Biology and Control of Mimosa pigra L.  Master thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sydney.  248 pages.
  12. Miller, I.L., L. Nemesthothy and S.E. Pickering.  1981.  Mimosa pigra in the Northern Territory.  Department Primary Production, Division of Agriculture and Stock, Technical Bulletin (51): 1-23.
  13. Miller, I.L. and  S.S. Tjitrosoedirdjo.  1992.  Mimosa pigra L.  Weed Info Sheet.  SEAWIC SEAMEO BIOTROP.  Bogor, Indonesia.  2 pages.
  14. Miller, I.L.  and W. M. Lonsdale.  1987.  Early records of Mimosa pigra in the Northern Territory.  Plant Protection Quarterly 2: 140-142.
  15. Nielsen, I.C.  1992.  Flora Malesiana I.  Spermatophyta : Mimosaceae.  11 (1).  Foundation Flora Malesiana.  page 1-226.
  16. Partomihardjo, T.  1988.  Pengamatan Beberapa Aspek Biologi Gulma Mimosa pigra Untuk Menunjang Upaya Pengendaliannya di Indonesia.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.  Page  34-42.
  17. Teysmann, J.E. and S. Binnendijk.  1866.  Catalogus Plantarum quae in Horto Botanico Bogoriensi Coluntur. Ter Lands-Drukkerij, Batavia.  270 pages.
  18. Thamassara, S., M. Siriworakul and P. Benyasut.  1985.  New Approach to the Effective Control of Mimosa pigra L. by Herbicides.  Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Asian Pacific Weed Science Society, Thailand.  2: 736-738.
  19. Tjitrosemito, S.  1997.  Infestation of Mimosa pigra in Mahakam River Systems, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.  Weed Watcher (28): 1-2
  20. Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.S.  1985.  The Distribution and potential problems of Mimosa pigra L. in Indonesia.  BIOTROPIA (2): 18-24
 
Species Name : Mikania micrantha
Family Name : Asteraceae /Compositae
Genus : Mikania
Synonym :
Origin : Central and South America
Description : Vigorous twining vine, or prostate in the absence of support, then rooting along the stems.  Leaves opposite, stalked, triangular-cordate, with toothed margins; somewhat foetid-smelling; stipules pale-green, fringed at the margins, joining the bases of the paired leaf-stalks, head small, 4-flowered, in terminal and axillary paniculate inflorescences; receptacle naked; involucre of 4 nearly equal bracts with one smaller outer bract.  Flowers all alike; corolla white. Achenes  black, with pappus of whitish hairs.
Invaded Habitat : Disturbed forest, stream banks, roadsides, pastures, plantations and cultivated crops.
Distribution : It was introduced from Paraguay in 1949 to Bogor Botanical Garden
and in 1956 it was used as a soil covers in rubber and now spread throughout Indonesia. In Papua it is found in Merauke, Timika, Nabire and Sorong In Indonesia M. micrantha displaced the native species M. cordata. (Waterhouse, 2003).
Ecology : Found at the humid, sunny or shaded habitat at 0-2000 m altitude. It is a vigorously creeping and climbing weed, smothering shrubs and small trees and building dense thickets by the numerous intermingled stems and stolons.  It spreads rapidly after disturbances such as fires and populations expand by  vegetative  growth, preventing any natural forest regeneration.  It flowers and fruits throughout the year and is ecologically a variable species.  Seeds are wind dispersed.
Picture :
References :
  1. Faridah Hanum, I. and  van der Maesen,L.J.G. (Eds).  1997.  PROSEA. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 11.  Auxiliary Plants.  Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.  389  pages.
  2. Henty, E.E. and G.H. Pritchard.  1973.  Weeds of New Guinea and Their Control.  Botany Bulletin No. 7.  Division of Botany, Department of Forests, Lae, Papua New Guinea.
  3. Imamuddin, H.  1992.  Pengaruh Atrazin Terhadap Pertumbuhan Gulma di Lahan Tumpangsari Jagung dan Kacang Tanah.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.  Page 265-276.
  4. Kusnanto.  1992. Efisiensi Pengendalian Gulma di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.  Page  312-322.
  5. Soerjani, M.,  A. J. G. H. Kostermans & Gembong Tjitrosoepomo (Eds.).  1987.  Weeds of Rice in Indonesia. Balai Pustaka. Jakarta
  6. Sumarno, A., S. Tjitrosoedirdjo and J. Wiroatmodjo.  1988.  Pengujian Herbisida Campuran Ammonium Glufosinate dengan Diuron dan 2,4 – D Pada Pengendalian Gulma di Jalur Tanaman Karet Belum Menghasilkan.   Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.  Page  376-389.
  7. Susanto, H. and H. Suprapto.  1992. Pandangan Masyarakat tentang Tali Putri ( Cuscuta sp.) dan Potensinya Sebagai Gulma Penting di Bandar Lampung.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.  Page   340-343.
  8. Syawal, Y. et al.  1992.  Gulma yang Dominan Pada Agroekosistem di Sumatera Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.  Page 43-48.
  9. Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.S.  2000.   The Asteraceae of Sumatera.  Post Graduate Programme.  Bogor Agricultural University.  Disertasi, 250 pages.
  10. Waterhouse, B.M. & A.A. Mitchell.  1998.  Northern Australia Quarantine  Strategy.  Weeds Target List.  Miscellaneous Publication 6/98.
  11. Weber, E.  2003.  Invasive Plant Species of the World.  A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds.  CAB International Publishing.  548 pages.
 
Species Name : Piper aduncum
Family Name : Piperaceae
Genus : Piper
Synonym :

Arthante adunca (L.) Miquel
Piper angustifolium Ruiz & Pavon
P. elongatum Vahl.
P. celtidifolium Kunth
Origin : South America
Description : Small tree, foliage and twigs aromatics, 3-8 m tall. Leaves alternate,  broadly lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, tapering into long tips,  obliquely cordate base and asymmetric, lower surface between lateral nerves rather densely covered with longish, softly hairy beneath, 18-24 cm by 7-10.5 cm; petiole 0.25 - 0.75  cm. Inflorescence a leaf-opposed, curved spike when mature, white to pale yellow, mature ones 12-15 cm;  flowers crowded in regular transverse ranks.  Perianth absent; usually 4 staments; ovary and berry glabrous.  Fruit a1-seeded berry, blackish when ripe.  Seeds brown to black, 0.7-1.25 mm long, compressed, with a reticulate surface.
Invaded Habitat : Forests and forests edges, slopes, disturbed sites. All the gaps in the forest of Toraut in North Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi were colonized by P. aduncum beside other species of Macaranga and grasses. It seems P. aduncum found their conditions eminently suitable to the extent of out-competing the relatively indigenous species of pioneer tree. In certain areas it grews in pure stands of secondary forest adjacent to undisturbed forest. It competitiveness is quite remarkable, this success is partly because P. aduncum grows very quickly and mature flower and fruit continously both in its native habitat and in Indonesia
Distribution : P. aduncum a century ago introduced in the Botanic Garden at Bogor, since many years naturalized in the environs of Bogor. Spread throughout Indonesia.
Ecology : Seeds are bird-dispersed; and also introduced to new locations as a contaminant of machinery and materials. The spread at the logging area is associated with movement of logging equipment
Picture :
References :
  1. Backer , C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen Van Den Brink.  1965.  Flora of Java. N.V. P. Noordhoff. Groningen, Netherlands.
  2. de Guzman, C.C. and J.S. Siemonsma (Eds).  1999.  PROSEA. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 13.  Spices.  Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.
  3. Waterhouse, B.M. & A.A. Mitchell.  1998.  Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy.  Weeds Target List.  Miscellaneous Publication 6/98.
  4. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CAB International.
  5. Whithmore, T.C. & K. Sidiyasa. 1985. Report on the forest of Toraut, Dumoga Bone Proposed National Park. Kew Bull. 41: 47-756
  6. Whitten, A.J., M. Mustafa & G.S. Anderson. 1987. The Ecology of Sulawesi. Gadjah Mada University Press.
 
Species Name : Panicum repens
Family Name : Poaceae/Gramineae
Genus : Panicum
Synonym : Panicum convolutum P. Beauv. ex Sprengel
Origin : Asia
Description : Perennial, up to 120 cm tall, with strong, white, deeply burried rhizomes and often also surface stolons, here and there forming very irregularly thickened parts from  which new branches and culm arise.  Leaf sheath with long ciliate margin in their upper part, the lower part hairy only at the free margins; basal cataphylls straw coloured; ligule short, membranous, 0.5 mm high, upper margin white hairy; leaf blade linear acuminate, 7-25 cm by 2-8 mm, flat or rolled when dry, immediatelly behind the ligule with many long white hairs.  Inflorescence an open 6-22 cm long panicle, sparcely to moderatelly branched, spikelet narrowly elliptical, ca. 3 mm long, acute, often tinged with purple; lower floret male, upper one bisexual; stamen 3, anters orange.  Caryopsis glossy white.
Invaded Habitat :

P. repens is a serious weed in cacao, coconut, rubber and tea plantations, lowland and upland rice in Indonesia.  It may sneak to improved pastures and chokes out the more useful grasses. It can be found on the roadsides, waste lands and crop field, sunny or partially shaded place.
Distribution : Introduced in Java in the 1850, troughout Indonesia, except the Moluccas.
Ecology : It can tolerate saline conditions and can be found at the marshy areas near the coast. It prefers dry conditions.
Picture :
References :
  1. Budiman, A., M. Thamrin and S. Asikin.  1988.   Beberapa Jenis Gulma di Lahan Pasang Surut Kalimantan Selatan dan Tengah dengan Tingkat Kemasaman Tanah Yang Berbeda.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  2. Chandrasena, J.P.N.R.  1990.  Enhancement of fluazifop-P toxicity to torpedograss (Panicum repens L.) by surfactant and oil additive.  BIOTROP Special Publication  (40) : 133-154
  3. Dahlan, S. and Y. Sabri.  1988.  Jenis-Jenis Gulma yang Terserang Nematoda Bengkak Akar pada Kebun Kentang di Daerah Koto Baru Kabupaten Tanah Datar, sumatera Barat.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  4. Iskandar, S. and O.R. Madkar.  1988.  Pengaruh Herbisida Pra Tumbuh Terhadap Gulma Utama, Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Kubis.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  5. Muditha, I.G., H. Simbolon and Roemantyo.  1988.  Komunitas Gulma Pada Berbagai Keadaan Lingkungan III. Komposisi Jenis Gulma Pada Berbagai Tipe Lapangan Rumput dan Jalan Gicok.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  6. Noda, K., M. Teerawatsakul, C. Prakongvongs and L. Chaiwiratnukul.  1986.  Major weeds in Thailand.  National Weed Science Research Institute.
  7. Rasjid, A., D. Sasongko and W. Sasongko.  1992.  Efektifitas Pengendalian Gulam Secara Mekanis dan Terpadu pada Tebu Lahan Kering Pelaihari, Kalimantan Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  8. Ronoprawiro, S. and R. Rogomulyo.  1988.  Pengendalian Kimiawi Gulma Pada Pertanaman Kapas.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  9. Sarimbangun, D. and S.S. Tjitrosoedirdjo.  1994.  Panicum repens.  Weed Info Sheet.  SEAWIC SEAMEO BIOTROP.  Bogor, Indonesia.
  10. Sastroutomo, S.S. and E.T. Pandegirot.  1988.  Survai Ekologis Gulma di Perkebunan Teh Ciliwung, Jawa Barat.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  11. Sharma, V.S., R.S.R. Murthy, M.K. Zutshi.  1985.  Gallant (Dowco 453 ME) a new potent tool againt grasses infesting tea.  Proc. 10th Asian Pacific Weed Sci. Soc. Conf., Thailand.
  12. Soejono, Endang, A. and S. Isniningsih.  1990.  Komunitas Tumbuhan Bawah di antara Tanaman Koleksi Pada Tiga Tingkat Pemeliharaan yang Berbeda.  Dalam Prosiding 1 Konferensi HIGI X. Malang, Indonesia.
  13. Soekarmi, H., I.H. Utomo, J.H. Sardjono.  1992.  Inventarisasi dan Identifikasi Berbagai Jenis Gulma Dominan pada Berbagai Komoditas Andalan Perkebunan di Sulawesi Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.  Hal 20-28.
  14. Soerjani, M.,  A. J. G. H. Kostermans & Gembong Tjitrosoepomo (Eds.).  1987.  Weeds of Rice in Indonesia. Balai Pustaka. Jakarta
  15. Sutarto, I.G., P. Bangun, and D. Pasaribu.  1988.  Pengaruh Pengelolaan Lahan Jenuh Air Tanah, Pembumbunan dan Varitas Kedelai Terhadap Penampilan Gulma.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.  Hal 196-203.
  16. Sutater, T. and P. Bangun.  1988.  Pengaruh Cara Penyiangan Terhadap Infestasi Gulma dan Produksi Cabe Kriting.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.  Hal 315-322.
  17. Syawal, Y. et al.  1992.  Gulma yang Dominan Pada Agroekosistem di Sumatera Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  18. Widaryanto, E. and S. Sukartomo.  1992.  Pengaruh Berbagai Dosis Herbisida Oxyfluorfen (Goal 2E) dan Waktu Penyiangan terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Kubis ( Brassica oleracea L.). Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
 
Species Name : Passiflora foetida
Family Name : Passifloraceae
Genus : Passiflora
Synonym :
Origin : Tropical America
Description : Herbaceous vine 1.5-5.0 m long, with cylindrical stem, filiform stipules, and long tendrils.  The leaves are ovate, 3 lobes, acuminate, hairy and light green, 5.5-12.0 cm x3.5-12.0 cm.  Bases cordate; the leaf stalks are 2.0-10.0 cm long.  Bisexual flowers are axillary, solitary or in twos, with pedicels 1.0-7.0 long.  The Fruit berry, globular green turning orange when ripe surrounded by involucre.  Seeds numerous, compressed 4.0 x 1.7 mm, black or dark brown, covered by a white or transparent, fragrant aril.
Invaded Habitat : P. foetida is a creeping and climbing weed which is invasive of open areas and cultivated land.  It is a creeper which smothers the young shoots of the beneficial leguminous cover crops like Peuraria, Centrosema and Calopogonium. It climbs over beneficial ground vegetation, particularly over Paspalum conjugatum and Ottochloa nodosa, two common grasses in plantations. It is a weed of rubber, oil palm, cocoa, cotton,  orchards, pepper, coffee, pineapple and forest plantations.  It is also distributed as a weed in waste places, road sides and cultivated areas.
Distribution : Fully established in Java and Madura. Introduced into Java along ago, and has since spread throughout Indonesia.
Ecology : In wet areas or in areas with a pronounced dry season. The weeds can grow at the sulfat acid soil.
Picture :
References :
  1. Backer , C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen Van Den Brink.  1965.  Flora of Java. N.V. P. Noordhoff. Groningen, Netherlands.
  2. Barnes, D.E. and G.C. Luz.  1990.  Common weeds of  Malaysia and thir control.  Ancom Berhad, Shah Alam, Malaysia.  345 pages.
  3. Budiman, A., M. Thamrin and S. Asikin.  1988.   Beberapa Jenis Gulma di Lahan Pasang Surut Kalimantan Selatan dan Tengah dengan Tingkat Kemasaman Tanah Yang Berbeda.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.  Hal 81-92.
  4. Ismail, S.S.  1993.  Passiflora foetida L.  Weed Info Sheet.  SEAWIC SEAMEO BIOTROP.  Bogor, Indonesia.  2 Pages.
  5. Lee, S.A.  1982.  Paraquat for weed control and crop desication in Malaysia- a review.  MARDI report No. 78.  MARDI, Serdang.  20 pages.
  6. Soekarmi, H., I.H. Utomo, J.H. Sardjono.  1992.  Inventarisasi dan Identifikasi Berbagai Jenis Gulma Dominan pada Berbagai Komoditas Andalan Perkebunan di Sulawesi Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.  Hal 20-28.
  7. Soerjani, M.,  A. J. G. H. Kostermans & Gembong Tjitrosoepomo (Eds.).  1987.  Weeds of Rice in Indonesia. Balai Pustaka. Jakarta
  8. Supriyo, A., B. Prayudi, S. Zulaikha.  Pengaruh Cara pengendalian Gulma terhadap Pertumbuhan Gulma dan Hasil Kedelai pada Tanah Sulfat Masam.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.  Hal  163-169.
  9. Susanto, H. and H. Suprapto.  1992. Pandangan Masyarakat tentang Tali Putri ( Cuscuta sp.) dan Potensinya Sebagai Gulma Penting di Bandar Lampung.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.  Hal  340-343.
  10. Swarbrick, J.T.  1981.  Weeds of Australia.  Australian Weeds 1(2): 20-22.
  11. Syawal, Y. et al.  1992.  Gulma yang Dominan Pada Agroekosistem di Sumatera Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.  Hal 43-48.
  12. Webb, K.R.  and A.M.  Feez.  1987.  Control of  broadlef weeds with fluroxypyr in sugarcane and grain sorghum in northern New Southwales and Queensland.  Proc.  11th Asian-Pacific Weed Sci. Soc. Conf. 1: 211-217.
 
Species Name : Ageratum conyzoides
Family Name : Asteraceae/Compositae
Genus : Ageratum
Synonym :
Origin : Tropical America, Central & South America.
Description : Annual herb, erect, quite succulent and 20-80 cm tall .  Stem long, hairy with many branches arising from the base of the leaf stalk.  Lower leaves with long stalk are opposite while those higher up are alternate leaves with short stalk, soft, rhomboid-ovate, 5-13 cm x 3-5 cm  have shallow blunt teeth; the surface rough and veins prominent; tip acute, narrowing abruptly at the base of hairy petiole 2-3 cm long.  Inflorescences terminal with many branches, each bearing a number of flower heads arranged in flat-topped clusters; flower heads white or  violet with 45-80 tubular flowers held together by green bracts; bracts linearly arranged in two or three rows, smooth toothed in upper part and acute at the tip; head clusters (corymbs) small on peduncles, 5-17 mm long, no ray floret.  Achenes are black. Each has a few greenish or white flatten scales with bristle.
Invaded Habitat : An important weed of chili, onion, potato, vegetable crops, in upland rain-fed cane fields, tea, coffee plantations, clove, pepper, cacao, cashew nut, oil palm, also nurseries and young rubber plantations. It is also commonly found in roadsides, lawns, wastelands, shifting cultivations, dry lands, tidal areas, pastures and as undergrowth at the Botanical Garden.
Distribution : Introduced in Java already much more than a century ago and distributed widely in Indonesia.
Ecology : The plant can produce 40 000 seeds per plant and one half of these seeds can germinate shortly after they have been shed. Seeds are light and easily dispersed by wind or carried by water and germinate under a wide range of environmental conditions. It is grow well up to 3000 m alt.
Picture :
References :
  1. Backer , C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen Van Den Brink.  1965.  Flora of Java. N.V. P. Noordhoff. Groningen, Netherlands
  2. Budiman, A., M. Thamrin and S. Asikin.  1988.   Beberapa Jenis Gulma di Lahan Pasang Surut Kalimantan Selatan dan Tengah dengan Tingkat Kemasaman Tanah Yang Berbeda.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  3. Budiman, A., S. Asikin and N. Jahab.  1992.  Aplikasi Herbisida Pratumbuh dan Jarak Tanam untuk Mengendalikan Gulma pada Kacang Tanah di Lahan Kering.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  4. Dad R.J.S.  1992.  Pengendalian Gulma dengan Pengaturan Jarak Tanam dan Cara Penyiangan pada Pertanaman Kedelai.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  5. Dahlan, S. and Y. Sabri.  1988.  Jenis-Jenis Gulma yang Terserang Nematoda Bengkak Akar pada Kebun Kentang di Daerah Koto Baru Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatera Barat.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  6. Garces, A.M et. al.  1992.  Ageratum conyzoides L.  Weed Info Sheet.  SEAWIC SEAMEO BIOTROP.  Bogor, Indonesia.
  7. Imamuddin, H.  1992.  Pengaruh Atrazin Terhadap Pertumbuhan Gulma di Lahan Tumpangsari Jagung dan Kacang Tanah.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  8. Kuntohartono, T., D. Sasongko and P. Tarmani.  1982.  Weed surveys and their economic importance in Java’s  upland cane fields.  Majalah Perusahaan Gula 18 (1-3): 94-101
  9. Kusnanto.  1992. Efisiensi Pengendalian Gulma di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung PandangMarihat Research Centre, Bagian Teknik Kultura.  1984.  Efficacy of Scout for weed control in oil palm circles and paths.  Pusat Penelitian Marihat, Pematang Siantar.
  10. Miyaura, Rie.  2001.  Weed Distribution and Its Control in Highland Indonesia : The Case of West Java and Bali.  In Highland Vegetable Cultivation in Indonesia, A Multi-Disciplinary Study toward Eco-Eco Farming.  Tokyo, Japan.
  11. Muditha, I.G., H. Simbolon and Roemantyo.  1988.  Komunitas Gulma Pada Berbagai Keadaan Lingkungan III. Komposisi Jenis Gulma Pada Berbagai Tipe Lapangan Rumput dan Jalan Gicok.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  12. Murwandono and I. Subagio.  1992.  Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. Di Kebun Tebu Pabrik Gula Camming Sulawesi Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  13. Nasution, U.  1986.  Weed and its management in rubber plantation in North Sumatra and Aceh.  P4TM, Tanjung Morawa, Indonesia.
  14. Prabowo, D. and T. Ismail.  1988.  Fomesafen, a new herbicide to control broad-leaf weeds in leguminous cover crop and soybean.  In: Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX Bogor Indonesia. (2): 434-438.
  15. Sastroutomo, S.S. and E.T. Pandegirot.  1988.  Survai Ekologis Gulma di Perkebunan Teh Ciliwung, Jawa Barat.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  16. Shiew, F.T. 1995. A Guide to the Wildflowers of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Science Centre Road, Singapore 2260
  17. Soekarmi, H., I.H. Utomo, J.H. Sardjono.  1992.  Inventarisasi dan Identifikasi Berbagai Jenis Gulma Dominan pada Berbagai Komoditas Andalan Perkebunan di Sulawesi Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  18. Soenartiningsih and Koesnang.  1992.  Kajian Inang Alternatif Virus Mosaik Kedelai Pada Beberapa Gulma Melalui Uji Serologi.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  19. Soejono, Endang, A. and S. Isniningsih.  1990.  Komunitas Tumbuhan Bawah di antara Tanaman Koleksi Pada Tiga Tingkat Pemeliharaan yang Berbeda.  Dalam Prosiding 1 Konferensi HIGI X. Malang, Indonesia.
  20. Soerjani, M.,  A. J. G. H. Kostermans & Gembong Tjitrosoepomo (Eds.).  1987.  Weeds of Rice in Indonesia. Balai Pustaka. Jakarta.
  21. Songsak, S., S. Kongsangdow and K. Suwanarak.  1984.  Tobacco and weed problems.  Thai Journal of Weed Science 2 (1): 5-10.
  22. Subagio, I. And Murwandono.  1992.  Permasalahan dan Program Penanggulangan Gulma di PG Takalar.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.  Hal 125-131.
  23. Sudirman, A. and K. Amypalupy.  1988.  Efikasi Triclopyr Terhadap Tanaman Penutup Tanah Leguminosa di Jalur Tanaman Karet Muda.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.  Hal 286-295.
  24. Sumarno, A., S. Tjitrosoedirdjo and J. Wiroatmodjo.  1988.  Pengujian Herbisida Campuran Ammonium Glufosinate dengan Diuron dan 2,4 – D Pada Pengendalian Gulma di Jalur Tanaman Karet Belum Menghasilkan.   Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  25. Sumiasri, N. and M. Rahayu.  1992.  Gulma pada Sistem Perladangan Berpindah di Timor, NTT.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  26. Sutarto, I.G., P. Bangun, and D. Pasaribu.  1988.  Pengaruh Pengelolaan Lahan Jenuh Air Tanah, Pembumbunan dan Varitas Kedelai Terhadap Penampilan Gulma.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  27. Sutater, T. and P. Bangun.  1988.  Pengaruh Cara Penyiangan Terhadap Infestasi Gulma dan Produksi Cabe Kriting.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI IX.
  28. Syawal, Y. et al.  1992.  Gulma yang Dominan Pada Agroekosistem di Sumatera Selatan.  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  29. Tjitrosemito, S. 1988.  Weed control on soybean crop using imazethaphyr.  In: Proc. 2nd Tropical Weed Science Conf. Pukt, Thailand. (2): 113-127.
  30. Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.S.  2000.  The Asteraceae of  Sumatera. Disertation. Post Graduate Programme, Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor
  31. van der Maesen and S. Somaatmadja (Eds).  1989.  PROSEA.  Plant Resources of South East Asia No. 1.  Pulses.  Pudoc/Prosea, Wageningen, the  Netherlands.
  32. Widaryanto, E. and S. Sukartomo.  1992.  Pengaruh Berbagai Dosis Herbisida Oxyfluorfen (Goal 2E) dan Waktu Penyiangan terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Kubis (Brassica oleracea L.). Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
  33. Yasin, H.G., M.S. Pandang, A.M. Usman and F.A. Bahar. 1987.  Daya berantas berbagai herbisida terhadap gulma tanaman kedelai (Glycine max L.).  Bulletin Penelitian Gulma (1): 15-27
  34. Yasin, M., M.A. Nawir, Djamaluddin and E.O. Momuat.  1992.  Prospek Pengelolaan Gulma di Lahan Kering (Studi kasus lahan penelitian P3NT di P. Flores-NTT).  Dalam Prosiding Konferensi HHIGI XI.  Ujung Pandang.
 
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Publications